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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2018 | Volume
: 6
| Issue : 2 | Page : 73-77 |
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The pattern of psychiatric comorbidities in globus: A cross-sectional study from a tertiary care hospital in Kashmir, North India
Zaid Ahmad Wani, Shabir Ahmad Dar, Deeba Nazir, Aaliya Khanam, Shazia Kousar
Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| Date of Web Publication | 14-Jan-2019 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Shabir Ahmad Dar
Senior Resident, Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Srinagar - 190 003, Jammu and Kashmir
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jhnps.jhnps_32_18
Background and Aims: Globus is the physical sensation of a lump in the throat presenting as difficulty in swallowing. Since there is a paucity of literature regarding the psychiatric comorbidity in globus, we aimed to study the psychiatric comorbidities in these patients visiting a tertiary care center in Kashmir. Materials and Methods: It was a noncontrolled, noninterventional, cross-sectional, hospital-based study carried out from August 2014 to July 2015 among the patients with a diagnosis of globus. Patients were selected from the outpatient unit, visiting the Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences Kashmir. About 51 patients with globus who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and gave written informed consent were selected as study cases. For diagnosing psychiatric comorbidities, we used the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Results: The mean age of our cases was 39.58 years. Females outnumbered males in cases by a ratio of 3:1 approximately. Psychiatric disorders were seen in 70.588% of globus patients. Major psychiatric disorders seen in our patients were major depressive episode (23.53%) and generalized anxiety disorders (11.76%). Conclusions: Majority of patients with globus who present to a tertiary care center have comorbid psychiatric disorders. We need to screen these patients for such comorbidities and develop a holistic approach for better outcome in such cases.
Keywords: Globus, major depressive episode, psychiatric comorbidity
How to cite this article:
Wani ZA, Dar SA, Nazir D, Khanam A, Kousar S. The pattern of psychiatric comorbidities in globus: A cross-sectional study from a tertiary care hospital in Kashmir, North India. J Head Neck Physicians Surg 2018;6:73-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Wani ZA, Dar SA, Nazir D, Khanam A, Kousar S. The pattern of psychiatric comorbidities in globus: A cross-sectional study from a tertiary care hospital in Kashmir, North India. J Head Neck Physicians Surg [serial online] 2018 [cited 2022 Dec 5];6:73-7. Available from: https://www.jhnps.org/text.asp?2018/6/2/73/250115 |
| Introduction | |  |
Globus is characterized by the physical sensation of a lump in the throat which presents as difficulty or discomfort in swallowing. The physical sensation may also present as one of the chokings or that there is a mass lodged in the esophagus. The disorder may be at times severe or even fatal and is usually reported in young to middle-aged females.[1] Since globus is an uncommon type of disorder, its exact incidence is unknown; however, reports suggest that persistent globus accounts for approximately 4% of all referrals to otolaryngologists.[2]
Globus has a variable symptom presentation which may include aphonia, sensation of a lump in the throat, difficulty in swallowing, sensation of choking, dyspnea, or suffocation. Literature also suggests pain as a presenting symptom.[3] The feeling of mass in the throat has been described variably by different subjects as if irritated by a small hair to the size of a billiard ball.[4] The feeling of lump is usually in the median or paramedian plane and lies more often suprasternal versus at the level of the cricoids.[5]
Patients with symptoms of globus usually do not present with hoarseness of voice or weight loss as is observed with cancer. In fact, some patients actually demonstrate weight gain,[4] a phenomenon possibly explained by increased food intake in an attempt to alleviate symptoms of lump in the throat.[6] A mild form of transient “lump in the throat,” especially during stressful situations have been experienced by up to 45% of the general population, often in young or middle-aged persons, with an equal distribution among men and women. However, having the disorder implies greater symptom magnitude and duration.[7],[8]
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), conversion disorder (globus is one of the presentations) symptoms must be of clinical significance to the patient or social or occupational consequence. Symptoms of globus are not under voluntary control. Finally, globus is not a diagnosis of exclusion, a solid investigation to rule out other physical causes of the symptoms must be conducted.[9]
In International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision, globus is classified in the category of “Other Somatoform Disorders.” In DSM-IV TR, globus is not directly mentioned, but by description, it is fitting with “Conversion Disorder” with subtype of “With Motor Symptom or Deficit” in Somatoform disorders. A study done in India by Debnath et al. found total psychiatric comorbidity in globus to be 79.25%.[10]
Psychogenic problems have often been thought to cause or trigger the globus sensation. Personality studies have found higher levels of alexithymia, neuroticism, and psychological distress (including anxiety, low mood, and somatic concerns) and lower levels of extraversion in patients presenting with globus.[11],[12]
Since there is a paucity of literature regarding the psychiatric comorbidities in globus and as most of the studies were done about personality patterns and traits, rather than specific psychiatric disorders. Hence, the study was taken to estimate the patterns of psychiatric comorbidities in these patients.
| Materials and Methods | | |
The present study was conducted in the Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences Kashmir which is an associated hospital of Government Medical College, Srinagar and caters to whole Kashmir region, along with some adjoining areas of Jammu and Ladakh, a population of about 12.5 million.[13] It was a noncontrolled, noninterventional, cross-sectional, hospital-based observational study carried out from August 2014 to July 2015 among the patients with a diagnosis of globus. This research work was initiated following the approval by the Institutional Ethical Committee and Board of Research Studies of Government Medical College, Srinagar. The diagnosis of globus was made as per ROME III criteria proposed by Clouse et al.[14] by the consultant psychiatrist after being vigorously screened for any organic cause. Detailed relevant history, physical and clinical examination of neck, and radiological and other investigations (which include X rays of the neck, barium swallow, sonography, upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, and nasolarnyngocopy) were done by the concerned consultant before referral for the screening of any comorbid psychiatric diagnosis.
Each patient was informed about the purpose of the interviewing. Informed written consent in locally understandable language was taken from each patient, each was given freedom of choice to accept or refuse participation in the study. Patients with uncontrolled chronic physical illnesses, such as hypertension, hypothyroidism, and diabetes mellitus, were excluded from the study. Those not consenting on corticosteroids or oral contraceptives were also excluded from the study.
All the data of the patients, including general description and demographic data, were recorded in the semi-structured case sheet, especially designed for this study. All the cases were evaluated to investigate the psychiatric comorbidity using DSM-IV criteria using Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI, English version 5.0.0) administered by qualified psychiatrist. The choice of MINI as an instrument was based on its high levels of reliability and validity, which have been reported in several studies.[15]
The MINI is a structured interview tool, designed to evaluate the presence of psychiatric disorders according to Axis I, of the DSM-IV. A total of 57 patients approached us. Six of these patients either refused to consent or were suffering from chronic physical illnesses and therefore were excluded from the study. As a result of which 51 patients were recruited.
Statistical analysis
Data about various parameters were entered into Microsoft Excel. Descriptive analysis was carried out with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version-21 software. The information thus generated was presented in tables as frequencies and percentages.
| Results | | |
[Table 1] shows the sociodemographic profile of patients. Majority of patients were females, in the age group of 18–45 years, of urban background, were married, homemakers by occupation and belonging to lower middle socioeconomic class. Among the whole sample (n = 51), 36 patients (70.588%) had comorbid psychiatric disorders among which seven patients (13.72%) had multiple psychiatric comorbidities [Table 2]. [Table 3] represents the individual comorbid psychiatric diagnosis.
| Discussion | | |
This is the first study from Kashmir on psychiatric comorbidity of globus. A total of 51 patients were included in the study. The majority of the patients belonged to the middle-age groups. The mean age of the patients was 39.58 years. Patients with globus tend to be referred to other clinics such as ENT and gastroenterology during the initial stages of the disorder. Even after clearance from the above-mentioned department's referral to mental healthcare is delayed due to barriers to mental healthcare and concerns about stigma. Since the psychological aspects of the disorder are not addressed in medical facilities, the patients are referred to psychiatric care after a long period. Several studies have reported increased numbers of stressful life events preceding symptom onset, suggesting that life stress might be a cofactor in symptom genesis and in exacerbation. Indeed, up to 96% of patients with globus report symptom exacerbation during periods of high emotional intensity.[8],[16]
Females outnumbered males in our study by a ratio of almost 3:1 which is quite similar to the results seen in other studies, thereby showing that the disorder predominantly affects women stating that peak incidence is in middle age, in females who are uneducated and belong to the lower socioeconomic class.[8]
Majority of patients with globus are at high risk of having one or more comorbid psychiatric illnesses. In the study done in turkey by Aky−z et al., two thirds (73.3%) of those with globus (conversion) had a comorbid psychiatric illness and hence matches our results of about 70.588%.[17] In India, a study was done by Debnath et al. among a sample of 53 patients, 42 patients (79.25%) had comorbid psychiatric disorders, and 17 patients (32.01%) had multiple diagnoses. However, only 16 individuals (30.19%) in the control group had some psychiatric comorbidity. The major psychiatric comorbidities were major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (16.98%), undifferentiated somatoform disorder (13.21%), generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia (each 9.43%), borderline personality disorder (7.55%), obsessive-compulsive disorder and dysthymia (3.77%), and hypochondriasis (1.89%).[10]
Major depressive episode was the most common comorbid disorder in our study as has been reported in several studies.[18],[19],[20] It has been seen that the most common comorbid mood disorder is major depressive disorder (17%–29%), and the results are in unison with our study.[21] Psychiatric disorders are prevalent in medical practice, especially in primary care, where as many as one-third of the patients may suffer from one or more current diagnosable psychiatric disorders, especially depressive and anxiety disorders.[22],[23]
However, few other studies have reported depressive disorders in more than 50% of the cases[18],[24],[25] which is in contradictory to the results of our results, and the reason seems to be the difference in comorbidity of study participants, data collection, sensitivity of screening tool, and the geographical differences in the study participants. Mussell et al.[26] found that GI symptoms are significantly associated with depression and anxiety in primary care American patients. A study in India reported major psychiatric disorders found among the patients of globus are major depressive disorder (n = 23, 43.4%) which is quite higher than the results of our study.[10]
Anxiety disorders were seen in 15.68% (8) of patients. Malik et al.[27] reported 60% of patients having an anxiety disorder which is very high as compared to other studies. A study conducted in Lahore on dissociative disorder showed 35% of patients to have anxiety symptoms.[28] Similarly, Willinger et al., in Vienna and Austria, found significantly higher scores of anxiety in patients with dissociative disorder.[29] Another study from Turkey showed that 37.2% of the patients had anxiety with dissociative disorder, and compared to a control group, this association was significant.[30]
Somatoform disorders were the third most common diagnosis in our case study. Reported prevalence rates for all forms of somatoform disorders together vary from 10% to 25% in primary care.[31],[32],[33] Patients with MUS or somatoform disorder report significant decreases in quality of life, impairment in daily functioning, increased high healthcare utilization, and often undergo medical examinations and treatments unnecessarily.[34],[35]
Our study had a limitation. We selected cases from a tertiary care specialty center where severe forms of illness are referred; therefore, there is a higher chance of associated psychiatric comorbidities in these patients compared to the ones in the general population or those presenting to the primary care physicians.
| Conclusions | | |
Clinicians in other departments should have a high degree of suspicion about the presence of a psychiatric disorder in globus which will lead to early referral and treatment of such cases. It will also lead to decrease in pressure on healthcare system whereby patients have multiple unnecessary investigations, drain on the economy, and wastage of time.
Financial support and sponsorship
This study has not been funded by any funding agency or sponsor. It was conducted without any financial interest.
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Disclosure
This material has never been published and is not currently under evaluation in any other peer reviewed publication.
Ethical approval
The permission was taken from Institutional Ethics Committee prior to starting the project. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
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[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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